L15

The settling of inland frontier in Canada, involveing many conflicts. And those where making money was involved were particularly bitter. A good tasting case in point is the intense rivals ry... between two major fur trade companies around the beginning of 19th centuary. The Hadson’s Bay state company had a royal charter, that is a monopoly in the area where operating costs were low. In addition to keeping any competition out of the area were doing business with the least expensive. Their charter also gave the access to long term credit from the bank of England. Other bonuses that include were rich management community, and support from highly place politicians. Their rival, the upstart Northwest companyof
Montreal, had none of these advantages. But they did have brave men, who didn’t hesitate to go into untried territory. Their profits depended on constantly moving on, always going to new areas that have greater numbers of animals. This increased
the transportation cost of course and kept their profits low. When challenged by the northwest company, Hadson’s Bay reacted by taking the tactics of its arrival by also hiring people willing to advanture of new areas. Then, they undercut northwest by increasing the value of goods they trade to India for first. They could afford to do this because their wealthy bankers would accept lower profits for a time in order to suqeeze the Northwest out.

L16

Last time we talked about the fact that earliest arts in Assyria was similar to that of Babylonian and other nearby cultures. But all that changed after the 9th century B.C. when Assyria started to develop their own unique style of art, particularly with their unusual sculpture. This sculpture primirily took two forms. The first kind was huge guarians like figures that decorated the entrances to buildings. The large guardian sculptures were actually never meant to be viewed from all sides, but rather to be seen from either the front or the side, and are called double aspect relief. Relief carving as you remember from earlier discussions, generally stand out from the flat surface and are perfect for decorating walls. The other kind of sculpture favored by Assyrian artists, was relief carving done in fact on the wall of palaces and other buildings. Acutally, the kind of carving that forms
a continuous band around the basic interior walls was probably invented by the Assyrians. The subject matter of the relief carving most often was millitary conquest or the glory of the king and his family. The sculpture were sometimes arranged in the form of the story to show success of events in ... say, the reign of the king or in a millitary campaign. The Assyrians also made relief carvings on materials other than stones. One example is the huge wooden gate of the palace that was decorated with scenes, instead of being carved in stone, these scenes were done on metal on horizontal bands of bronze..Let’s take a look at the slide of this gate now, so you can see the skill that was necessary to create these scenes.

历史篇L12

I’d like to move on now to still life painting in the United States. Now the earlist American still lives were modeled on 17 century Dutch still life paintings. The images of which often symboliz the home and the growing prosperity of Dutch
merchants. So in these early American paintings, you might see for example a simple table top display of food or other inanimate objects. Now the still lives of the 19th century, reveal a great deal about the time in which the artist lives. For example, in the first half of the 19th century, many Americans were prosperous and shopping and accumulating things were major pastimes. So in these paintings, the consumers oriented in American society is conveyed true display of goods, that suggested luxury and social status. Well, this also suggested with representations of plentiful food, fragile flowers and other beautiful objects in natural world. Then, after the civil war, in approximately the mid 19th century. The mood of the country changed. Likewise, the mood of painting changed. For example, the artist might apply the paintings roughtly to dipict the group of  battered old things that symbolize difficult times, and the disappearence of good days. So let’s look at some Flight’s paintings from these periods and see if you can detemine when the paintinge were created.

L10

I was talking before the break about funding in art in the United States, about where the money comes from. I think some of you probably have questions. Yes, Tom?

You said that during the depression, the government provide relief work to a lot of artiets, just what sort of work did they do?

It depended on the kind of artists you are talking about. A lot of painters did work for government buildings, murals, city halls or other buildings for example. Sculptors did work to put in the public park, that sort of things.

Didn’t people get upset about the government spending so much money on art?

There was some criticisms sure, many people consider the program wasteful, they thought that creating public art was not real work, like paving a road, or putting up a building. But the government was concerned with getting as many people employed as possible.

Could I ask about one more thing? I expect the art form in 1930’s to be abstract, but what you show in the slides was pretty realistic.

You maybe a little mix up there. Abstract expressionism that’s the main American abstract school is usually associated with 1950s.

Was there a dominant artistic style that these depression era artists used ?

Let’s look at a few more slides. Maybe that will show you. Also, there was an exhibition in Washington a few years ago about this art. So I put a catalog from the show on reserve in the library. If any of you want to see more examples this work, go over and take a look.

L9

But too often, it seems to me, we apply the term invention only to big imortant items like the car or the telephone. After all, we can hardly imagine surviving without them. We don’t stop to think there are literally hundreds of inventions that make our life a little easier, a little more convenient. Let’s take something as common as the paper bag on my desk here. yes, that’s right, I’ve got my lunch in it. Well, I never open my lunch bag without thinkting Charles Stilwell, who in 1883 invented the first machine to produce bags like this. You see, before Stillwell, bags were pasted together by hand, and they didn’t have flat bottom. So they couldn’t stand on their own. And you coundn’t fold them very well either. Stilwell changed all that with what’s a really a marvelous piece of engineering. Think about it. Look at it how efficiently this bag is designed.
I can open it with a flick of my wrest, but I can aslo fold it back flat at a piece of paper. And I can store a hundred of them under my desk. What’s more, it’s strong. See, I can even put this heavy dictionary in it. And it won’t break.But it’s cheap to produce. Really, it’s a masterpiece of practical engineering. Grocery stores buy over a billion of them a year. Well, nobody remembers Stilwell nowadays, but his little invention has certainly proved useful. If any of you could produce anything help as useful, you have really done something.

白天时间太紧了，唉，希望晚上能再抽出半小时听写吧

场景分类下天文

第一篇

Located at the NSSA research center in Iowa, is a five thousand gallon vat of water. And inside the tank, is an underwater treadmill塌车, designed by Dava Newman, an aerospace engineer. For four years, Newman observed that scuba自携式水中呼吸器 divers as they simulated模拟
walking on the moon and on Mars on her underwater moving belt. She wanted to discover how the gravity of Moon and of Mars would affect human movement. To do this, Newman attached weights to the divers, and then lowered them into the tank onto the treadmil. These weight were carefully adjusted, so that the divers could experience underwater, the gravity of the moon and of Mars, as they walked on the treadmill. Newman concluded that walking on the Mars will probably be easier than walking on the Moon. The Moon has less gravity than Mars does. So at Lunar gravity, the divers struggled to keep their balance and walked awkwardly. But as the Martian gravity, the divers has great traction牵引力，吸引力，阻力 and stability. And could easily adjust to a pace of 1.5 miles per hour.
As Newman gradually increased the speed of treadmill, the divers took longer and graceful stride大步，跨步, until they comfortably settled into an even quick pace. Newman also noted that at Marian gravity, the divers need less oxygen. The data Newman collected will help in the future design of Martian space suits. Compared to Lunar space suits, Martian spacesuit will require smaller air tanks. And to allow for freer movement, the elbow and knee areas of the space suits will also be altered.

漏洞：

Iowa爱荷华

Gallon 加仑（拼写）

Treadmill 塌车

Scuba 自携式水中呼吸器

Simulate 模拟

Weight 体重

Adjust 调节

Walk 行走

Martian 火星的（拼写）

Traction 吸引力，牵引力

Stability 稳固（拼写）

Stride 大步，跨步（意思）

Data资料

Smaller

Tanks

Elbow 肘

Knee膝盖

场景分类下比上要长，而且天文专业术语太多了，明还要好好看看专业词汇

今天的错误不少啊，好好补漏洞……

第二篇

Thank you, it’s great to see so many of you are interested in a series of survival in outer space. Please excuse the cameras, we are being videotaped to the local TV stations. Tonight, I’m going talk about the most basic aspect of survival, the space suit. When most of you imagine an astronaut, that’s probably the first thing that comes to mind, right? Well, without space suits, it would not be possible for us to survive in space. For example, outer space is a vacuum. There’s no gravity or air pressure. Without protection, a body would explode. What’t more, we’d cook烧着 in the sun or freeze in the shade, with temperatures ranging from toasty 300 degrees above to a cool 300 degrees below zero Fahrenheit. The space suit that NASA has developed is truly a marvel.(令人惊讶的事) This photo enlargement(扩大，扩展) here is a life-size image of an acutal space suit worn by astronauts on the last space shuttle往返 mission...This part is the torso躯干, it’s made of 7 extremely durable layers. This thick insulation隔离，绝缘 protects against temperature extremes and radiation. Next is what they called a bladder of oxygen. That is an inflatable可膨胀的，充气的 sac囊 filled with oxygen to simulate atmosphere pressure. This bladder presses against the body with the same force as the earth’s atmosphere at sea level. The innermost最内部，最深处 layers provide liquid cooling and ventilation通风装置Despite all the layers , the suit is flexible. Allowing free movement, so we can work. Another really sophisticated part of the space suit is the helmet盔，头盔. I brought one along to show you, can I have a volunteer come and demonstrate?

漏洞：

Videotape 录像带，录制……的录像

Cook 烧着

Fahrenheit华氏温度计

Marvel令人惊讶的事

Enlargement扩大，扩展

Shuttle 往返

Mission 太空计划，代表团

Torso 躯干

Insulation 隔离，绝缘体

Bladder

Inflatable可膨胀的，充气的

Sac 囊

Innermost最内部，最深处

Ventilation通风装置

Helmet盔，头盔

第三篇

Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories天文台，观测台 peering观测through telescopes every night. In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his/her time analyzing data. And may only be at the telescope for a few weeks of the year. Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems, and never use the telescopes at all.

You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes. The most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very simple. First a photographic照相的 plate is coated涂上，盖上 with a light-sentitive material. The plate is positioned, so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image can be develped, enlarged and published so that many people can study it.

Because most astronomical objects are very remote, the light we received from them is rather feeble, but by using a telescople as a camera, long time exposure曝光 can be made. In this way, objects can be photographed that are a hundred time too faint to be seen by just looking through a telescope.

漏洞：

Observatory 天文台，观测台

Peer观测

Purely 纯粹地（拼写）

Coat 涂上，盖上

Exposure 曝光（拼写）

Photographic 照相的

不要沉，不要沉……

场景分类上天文第一篇

It’s my pleasure to come to you today to talk about the Galileo伽利略 machine to the planet Jupiter. Galileo was launched起飞,下水,投入,开始 in 1989, we have to wait until the end of 1995 for the spacecraft and its probe探测，调查 to reach Jupiter. Of course there was some exciting moment
along the way too. I first visited Dr. Black’s astronomy class back to Galileo had just visited the astroid belt. I was able at that time to bring Galileo’s images of the astroid gasper.
That was the first time we got an up-close look to at the astroid. It was just amazing. But there were also some disappointments. In April of 1991, we realized that one of antennas天线 that was supposed to transmit data had not functioned.
That meant that we had to rely on the smaller antennas to give us data. But we have ended up been quite pleased with we received from G. As I metioned before, at the end of 1995, the Galileo probe finally entered Jupiter’s atmosphere. We knew the Jupiter’s position at that time would make the communication with the spacecraft diffcult, so we decided to suspend暂停 data transmition. After waiting about half a year, we began to receive data about Jupiter’s asmosphere in the satellites and we continue collecting it for two years. And now what you all have been waiting for, direct images of Jupiter.

漏洞：Galileo伽利略

machine

launch起飞，开始

probe探测，调查

antenna天线

end up

at the end of

suspend

satellite卫星

all have been

场景分类上天文第二篇

Some of you may be familiar with Apollo programs geological studies of the moon during 1960s. But you may not be aware that the extensive research that proceed those studies. The work of two early researchers was very important in determining the nature of the surface of the moon. Back in 1892, the geologist named Carlos.Gilbert. was challenging the prevailing views of the Lunar surface. At that time, most scentists thought the crater on the moon had been created by volcanic action. Gilbert made some telescopic studies. There were no spacecrafts back then, so telescopes were be the best way to observe the moon. It concluded that the lunar crater is so uniform that they had to be the result of impact on falling bodies, such as meteorites. I posted the enlargements just some of the drawings on the board. If you compare them to those in your text, you can see that his are amazingly accurate. Still, it contemperaries rejected his work. Fifty years later, a graduated student named Wolf Baldwin reasserted Gilbert’s species. He too met with resistence and he left acadmics to run his family’s machine business. But he didn’t give up his research. He worked alone in his spare time. And eventually wrote an influential有影响力的 book called the face of the moon. A young geologist who read it was so inspired that he persuaded NASA incorporate geology into the Apollo missions. Well, the Apollo missioins eventually confirmed most of Baldwin’s ideas, which is astonishing, considering that he wasn’t a professional scientist.

Apollo program 阿波罗计划

Geological 地质学的

Lunar surface 月球表面

Crater 月球表面的坑

Meteorite 陨石

场景分类上天文第三篇

This doesn’t have anything to do with the lecture, Dr. Brown. It’s just something I was wondering about.

I am always glad entain questions.

But I want to know is , with all our space exploration, aren’t astronomers concerned that were polluting space? You know, with spacecraft and sateillites?

That is an interesting question. Well, first of all, it is important to understand the space isn’t that pristine原来的，原始的 as you might think. More than a thousand tons of debris enters and the earth’s astomosphere every single day.

What? The Spacecrafts don’t lead that much garbage.

No, but there are meteoroids entering our atmosphere almost constantly. You’re familiar with what the moon’s surface looks like, right?

But we don’t all those craters on earth. I don’t understand.

Remember, the moon’s lack of atmosphere means that even small meteoroids make craters. But most of the meteoroids that hit the earth’s atmosphere melt or break up in the air.

Causing meteorite? The stripes条纹 of light we see our meteoroids breaking up, isn’t that it?

Yeah, and getting back to your question about pollution. That’s one way we could deal with the debris of satellites and spacecraft The truth is we do have a lot of orbiting debris, and its traveling at 10-20 thousand miles per hour.

Really, I wouldn’t want to collidewith anything going that fast.

It’s really danger for spacecraft, but we could dispose of the debris by simply sending it back into the earth‘s atmosphere.

Oh, so the debris was just burned up. Well, thanks a lot, Dr. Brown.

漏洞：

Pristine 原来的，原始的

Debris 碎片，残核

Meteoroid 流星体

Streak 斑纹

Orbit

Collide 碰撞，互撞

Stripe 条纹

场景分类下人体生理心理学第一篇

In our lab today, we will be testing the hypothesis that babies can count as early as 5 months of age. The six babies here are all less than six months old. You will be watching them on closed circuit tv and measuring their responses .

The experiment is based on the well established observation that babies stare longer if they don’t see what they expect to see. First, we are going to let two dolls move slowly in front of the babies. The babies will see the two dolls disappear behind a screen. Your job is to record in seconds, how long the babies stare at the dolls when the screen is removed.

In the next stage, two dolls will again move in front of the babies and disappear, but then a third doll will follow. When the screen is removed, the babies will see only two dolls. If we are right, the babies will now stare longer, because they expect three dolls, but they only see two.

It seems remarkable to think that such young children can count. My own research has convinced me that they have this ability from birth. But whether they do or not, perhaps we should raise another question. Should we take advantage of this ability by teaching children mathematics at such a young age? They have great untapped potential, but is it good for parents to pressure young children?

漏洞：

experiment

obsevation that babies stare longer

slowly

untapped 未使用的

of this ability

early

场景分类下人体生理心理学第二篇

Do you have troubles sleeping at night, then maybe this is for you. When you are worried about needing sleep, toss and turn trying to find a comfortable position, you are probably only making matters worse. What happens when you do that is that your heart rate actually increases. Making it more difficult to relax.

You may also have some bad habits that contribute to the problem. Do you rest frequently during the day? Do you get virtually no exercise? Or do you exercise strenuously late during the day. Are you preoccupied with the sleep, or you sleep late on weekends? Any or all of these factors might be leading you to insomnia by disrupting your body natural rhythm.

What should you do that on those sleepless nights? Don’t bother with sleeping pills, they can actually cause worse insomnia later. The best thing to do is to drink milk or eat cheese or tuna fish. These are all rich in amino acid and help produce a neurotransmitter in the brain that induces sleep. This neurotransmitter will help you relax and you will be on your way to getting a good night sleep.

Until tomorrow’s broadcast, this has been another inner series hints for good health.

漏洞：

Needing

Toss 摇摆，不安

Only

Virtually 实际上，实质上

Strenuously 奋发地，热心的

Rhythem

Insomnia 失眠

Amino acid 氨基酸

Induce 引诱，招致，感应

Siries

Hint 暗示，线索

场景分类下人体生理心理学第三篇

Today we’re going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to help children learn to interact socially.

Many people consider themselves shy. In fact, forty percent of the people who took part in our survey said they were shy. That’s two out of every five people. And there(与they要区分) are studied to indicate that the tendency toward shyness may be inherited. But just because certain children are timid. Doesn’t mean that they are doomed to be shy forever? There are things parents, teachers and the children themselves can do to overcome this tendency, and even to prevent it. (单数)

One researcher found that if parents gentlly push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become less afraid and less inhibited. Another way to help shy children is to train them in social skills. For example, there are special training groups where children are taught things like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about other people’s interests and even smiling.

This groups have been very successful at giveing shy children a place to feel safe and accepted, and at building up their self-esteem. (at 和that的区分)

漏洞：

Inhibited羞怯的

Self-esteem 自尊，自负，自大

Toward

场景分类下人体生理心理学第四篇

You might think that most of the patients at sleep clinic are being treated for sleeplessness. Commonly referred to as insomnia, but that is not the case. The majority of sleep-clinic patients suffer from disorders as excessive sleep, or hypersomnia. While most insomniacs somehow manage to drag themselves through the day and function at acceptable although not optimal levels, this is not so for people who suffer from hypersomnia.

They are incapacited by irresistable urges to sleep during the day, often inappropriate situations, at business meetings, in supermarkets or at parties. Even more dangerous, is their failure to remain awake when driving or operating machinery. Falling asleep in such situations could obviously be life threatening.

Many hyposomniacs suffer from narcolepsy, for which a primary symptom is excessive daytime sleepiness. Though not apparent in childhood, this symptom most often appears for the first time during the teen years, and continues throughout a person’s life. The sleep attacks may occur as many as 15-20 times during the course of the day, and last for periods of 15 minutes up to 2 hours.

What can be done to help those suffering from narcolepsy? There are certain drugs that can help, and specialists suggest voluntary napping to decrease the frequency of such sleep attacks.

Specilist

场景分类下人体生理心理学第五篇

场景分类下人体生理心理学第六篇

每次看到帖子沉到下面都挺开心的，每天有这么多人都在坚持听写真好，大家一起向托福冲吧！

场景分类下人体生理心理学第七篇

场景分类下地球科学第二篇

场景分类下地球科学第三篇

场景分类下地球科学第四篇

场景分类下地球科学第五篇

场景分类下地球科学第六篇(hard)

全是黑体看着感觉格格不入的= =，明改成下划线吧

Remaining great auk 又有几天没来了，赶紧补上去