第三天 06 听力场景下地球科学类 第二篇
地球学

We've been talking about some of the effects（affects）that the human beings have added(so act) on the earth. One that you may not be awared(aware) is that we've actually began to change the length of the day.In another word(The other), we say that one day is the amount of prime(time) the earth needs to stay some(spend completely) around its fa(on axis).And image one stood at(the imagery line runs through the ) the center of the earth from north to south.And of course there are a lot of physical forces(causes) that can affect the speed(spin) of the earth rotation, but there is only one that is(can) direct result of the human activity.Since 1950,human beings have built about ten thousand artials reswas(artificial reservoirs) all over the world. These reswas (reservoirs) have redistributed tremendous amount of the earth water.One of the(When they are) used to be in the area near the equater(equator), that an (and the )imaginary line (imagery line) once around(on surround) the middle of the earth is now the rewar (reservoirs) in the areas of different latitudes.The latitude matters because,well, think of the earth and its axil (axis).The equate(equator) contains the areas on the earth that are farther(farthest) away from its axil (axis).So water has been redistributed from agricultural(equator) reasons, then wherever the water is,to it’s close to the earth axil (axis).It's like when one isgate(ice skaters) perform spins when those skate pose(skaters put) their arms in close(enclose) to their bodies they spin faster.So the earth has spined(is spinning) faster because the reswas(reservoirs) have redistributed the water closer to its axil (axis).And because the earth is spinning
faster, since 1950 the length of the day has decreased by about eight millions(equator) of a second.I know that doesn't sound like much, but significant in that this is the first time that human beings ever had a measurable fact(miserable affect) on the earth motion.

用时：

完整听了三遍，不是很清楚，原因，场景词汇不熟悉

听写+修改 1小时多
2008-12-17 8:38:53到 9:46:58

单词：

imagery line意象线
artificial reservoir 人工水库
equator（地球或天球的）赤道
spinning spin 自转 n. 旋转,疾驰 v. 纺织,旋转,拉长
axis 地轴
miserable  a. 悲惨的,痛苦的

ice skater someone who engages in ice skating

latitude  黄纬

[ 本帖最后由 wengxianzhen 于 2008-12-17 10:00 编辑 ]

谢谢大家的加油，我一定努力。

[ 本帖最后由 wengxianzhen 于 2008-12-17 10:01 编辑 ]

[ 本帖最后由 wengxianzhen 于 2008-12-17 10:02 编辑 ]

第四天4.1场景上 地球科学第三篇气象学

Meteology(meteorology) 气象学家

First of all, let's look at why temperatures tend to be higher in city than the raw areas(in the rureal area).This happens because almost 50 percent of the urban areas are comprised of hard services(surfaces),like paystreets(paved street), parking lots(lot), buildings in roff top(and roof tops). As the result, any amount of rainfall is quickly retied bodies services(repelled by this service) and carried away by storm dust(storm drains and gutters). Eventually(Especially) water just doesn't have the chance to stand around and vaporate(until evaporate) and during the process of vaporation(the evaporation) that heat is removed from the air.So in cities, where there is less evaporation temperatures will be higher and of course there is(are) also be issue of added heat coming from building heating systerm, from industry, cars and even human body.Even we being
in the city itself, temperatures can vary signicantly.For example, in winter,streets that get a lot of use will be 2 or 3 degrees(degree) warmer than less travel streets. In place where car sits for a while like stop lights(stoplight) can be in another 3 degrees warmer.On the other hand, low spots in the city where cold air collect will be much colder than higher places. Rain and snow form(snowfall) are also affected by urbanasition(urbanization). Cities tend to get slightly(quiet) less snow fall(snowfall) than the surrounding country site(countryside) because of the warmer temperatures in the city. But rain fall(rainfall) in the city can be five to ten percent higher.This happens because of two facts(factors). First,the warmer city temperatures(temperature) , second the large number of dust particles in the urban air. These(It seems dust) particles are important requirment for commonsation(condesation).The water vaporated(vapor) in the atmosphere is able to change to liquid by cleaning the(planning to dust) particals suspended in the air.So where there is a high(the higher) number of dust particles, condensation
takes place more easily.That's why fag(fogs and) clouds are usually more frequent around the city. Once condensation takes place, rainfall is not far behind. In the londer(London) area, for example, found storm(thunderstorms) can produce 30 percent more rainfall than the surounding countryside. Some urban climate tele(climatologists) go so far as they argued that they can see a pattern
increasing rainfall during the walkweek(workweek). They believe rainfall amounts are smaller around the weekends(weekend) because the dust particles generated by cars and factories are reduced.
2008-12-17 23:20:15


Rural
a. 农村的
urban
a. 城市的
urbanization
n. 都市化,文雅化
paved street
pave
v. 铺设,安排,为...铺路
roof top
平顶房的屋顶
rainfall
n. 降雨量
storm drains
暴雨水沟,暴雨下水道
gutter
n. 排水沟,槽,贫民区
condensation
n. 压缩,凝缩,液化
thunderstorms
n. 雷暴雨(大雷雨)
climatologist
n. 气候学,风土学
workweek
n. 一星期工作时间

第四天4.2场景下地球科学类第一篇地球interior

Listen to a part of lecture in a geology class.

I'm glad you brought up the question of our investigations into the makeup of zero sinterro（the Earth’s interior）.In fact, since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these last few minutes of class talking about it.There were several important discoveries in the earily (early)part of this centry that helped geologists develop a more accurate picture of the earth synterial(interior).

The first key discovery had to do with seism micowaves(seismic waves)--remember they are the virberation(vibration) caused by earthquakes.Well, scientists found that they traveled thousands of miles through the Earth synterial(interior).This finding enabled geologists to study the inner parts of the Earth.You see, the study(these studies) revealed that this viberations(these vibrations) were of two types: comprition(compression)--or P--waves and shear or S--waves.And researchers found that P waves travel through both liquids and solids, while s-waves travel only through solid matter.

In 1906,a British geologist discovered that P waves slowed down at a certain depth
but capt(kept) traveling deeper.On the other hand, S waves either disappered or were reflected back,so he concluded that the depth might be(marked) the boundary between a solid mental(mantle) and a liquid core.Three years later another boundary was discovered ---that between the mental(mantle) and the earth’s crust.

There is still a lot to be learned about the earth.For instance,geologists know that the core is hot. Evidence of this is the mottern(molten lava) that flows out of volcanoes .But we’re still not sure what the source of the heat is.

用时：

完整听了2遍

2008-12-18 11:22:35 到11:47:55 到 12:02:57

单词：

Interior
a. 内部的,内地的,国内的,在内的n. 内部

seismic waves
震波

vibration
n. 震动,颤动

compression
n. 压缩,压榨,缩小

shear
n. 修剪,剪下的东西,羊的一岁
v. 修剪,割,剥夺

mantle
n. 斗篷,覆罩之物,罩子
v. 罩住,覆盖,脸红

molten lava
熔岩

volcanoes
n. 火山

第五天5.1场景下
地球科学类第二篇气象学

Today I want to talk about the earth’s last major climatic shift, at the end of the last ice age.

But first, let's back up a moment and review what we know about climatic change in general.First we define climate as consistent patterns of
weather over significant periods of time.

In general, changes in climate accur(occur) when the energy balance of the earth is disturbed.Solar energy enters the earth’s atmosphere as light and is radiated by the earth’s surface as heat.Land, water,and ice each affects this energy exchange differently.The systerm is so complex that, today(to date,)
our best computer models are only concluded(crude)
approximations and are not sophisticated enough to test hypothsis(hypotheses) about the causes of climatic change.

Of course, that doesn't keep us from speculating. For instance, volcanic activity is one magnism(mechanism)
but might affect climatic change.When large volcanoes errupt,they disburse(disperse) tons of particles into the out(upper) atmosphere, where the particles then reflect light. Since less light is entering the system of energy exchange, the result would be a cooling of the earth’s surface.

Of course this is just one possible magnism(mechanism) of globalclimate change.In all probability a complete explanation would involve several different magnism(mechanisms) operating at the same time.

用时：

完整听了2遍

2008-12-19 10:22:13 到10:40:22

单词：

Climatic
a. 气候上的

to date
到目前为止

crude
a. 粗鲁的,简陋的,天然的,未加工的 n. 原油

hypotheses
臆测，假定

mechanism
n. 机械,机构,结构  机制，原理

disperse
v. 分散,传播,散开

upper atmosphere
上层大气，高层大气，高空大气

[ 本帖最后由 wengxianzhen 于 2008-12-19 20:21 编辑 ]

第五天5.2场景下 地球科学类第四篇能源

fossile fuels.

Today I want to discuss fossil fuels such as coal(coat), oil and natural gas.The term fossil fuel refers to the traping name(trapped remains) of plants and animals in sendimentary(sedimentary) rock. You see, living plants trap energy from the sun by the process of photosyssis(photosynthesis),and they store the energy in their chemical compounds .Most of that energy is released when the plant dies and decays.However sometimes organic matter is buried before it decays completely.In this way some of soil(the solar) energy becomes trapped in rocks—han(hence) the name fossile fuel.Although the amount of organic matter trapped in any one growing season is small, the accumulation(accumulated) remains for(from) millions of years are considerable.Because the accumulation rate is so slow---millions of times slower than the rate at which we know(now) dig up this organic matter and burn it for energy---we must consider fossile fuels as none renewable(nonrenowable) resources. Tomorrow
we will be discussing alternatives to fossile fuels that can be renewed.

用时：

完整听了2遍

2008-12-19 10:42:54 到2008-12-19 10:59:30

单词：

fossil fuel
矿物燃料

sedimentary
a. 沉淀性的

photosynthesis
n. 光合作用

accumulated
adj. 累积的

nonrenewable
a. 不可再生的

第六天6.1场景下 地球科学类第三篇 (Minerals)

I'd like to begin by thanking Dr.Kane for inviting me to be here today.Although I'm not a geologist I have been collecting minerals for years.My collection is really(rally) diverse because I've traveled all of(over) the world
to find them.Today I've brought a few specimens for you to see.After I discuss each one, I'll pass it around so that you can look at it more closely.

As you know fuels pots(feldspars) are the most abound minerals and are divided in(into) a number of different types.These first examples(samples) are alto places(orthoclases).Notice that they vary in color from white to pint(pink) to red.This gluzzy(glassy) one isn't(is) found in volcanic rock-- in fact, I found it in New Mexico on s collecting trip.This next example(sample) that I’ll pass around is a micro clime(microcline) mineral, also called IS stone(amazonstone).You can identify it by its bright green color.It's often used in jewllery(jewelry) and really is quite attractive.

These final examples(samples) are playst fillspars(plagioclase feldspars). Many playge fillspars (plagioclases)
are very rare, so I'm particulary proud of the variety in my collection.

I've also brought a few slight and (slides of) some large examples(mineral samples) and if you’ll turn out the light now, I'd like to show them to you.

时间：

2008-12-20 9:18:11 听写 9:36:06

听了两遍。

单词：

Specimen 复数
n. 样本,标本

Feldspar
长石

Sample
n. 样品,标本
v. 抽取样品

Pink
a. 粉红色的 n. 粉红色

Glassy
a. 玻璃质的,玻璃状的,如镜的

Orthoclase
n. 正长石

Amazonstone
n. 天河石(微斜长石)

Jewelry
n. 珠宝,珠宝类

Plagioclase

n. 斜长石

Slide
n. 滑,幻灯片,雪崩
v. 使滑,滑,跌落

第六天6.2场景下 地球科学类第五篇 (Mountain)

Not long ago, some of you may have read about a team of mountain-climbing scientists who helped to recalculate allevation(elevation)
of the highest mountain in the world: MT.Everest.Of course, the allivation(elevation) of mountain averast(MT.Everest) was determined many years ago, using traditional surfaing(surveying) methods.But these scientists wanted to make a more precise measurement using a new method that takes advantage of
recent of advances in technology.It's called the Global Positioning System.

The Global Positoning System uses 24 sightlights(satellites) that circle the Earth.Each of these ightlights(satellites) is constantly sending out signals.And each signal contains important information they can be used to determine the longtitude, lightitude(latitude), and allivation(elevation) of many(any) point on the earth’s surface.

Well, in order to use this system to calculate Mountain A (MT.Everest) silivation(elevation),scientists needed to put a special recival(receivers) on its sunlights(summit) to receive signals from its sightlights(the satellites).The problem on(with) this was that, in the past, the recive(receivers) was(were) much too heavy for climingst(climbers) to carry.But now these recivals(receivers) have been reduced to about the size and
weight of a handheld telephone, so climingst(climbers) were able to take the receival(a receiver) to the top of the elvast(Everest)and, from there, to excise(access) the sightlight(satellite) system signals that would allow them to determine the procise(precise) elivision(elevation).And it turns out that the famous peak is actually a few feet higher than was previously thought.

2008-12-20 9:52:46 听写10:15:42

Elevation
n. 海拔,提高
[计算机] 标高

MT.Everest ['evərist]
n. 珠穆朗玛峰

the Global Positioning System
导航星系统

satellite
n. 卫星

latitude
n. 纬度
限制，界限
receiver
n. 接收器,收款员,接待者

summit
n. 顶点 n.最高官阶;最高级会议

climber
n. 爬山者,攀登者

第七天7.1场景下 地球科学类第六篇 （地震）

Now you’ve been reading articles about the tremendous damage down(done) to life and propriety(property) by earthquakes.Let's why seismologists have been working so hard to develop methods of earthquake prediction.We can now predict earthquakes fairly well but the predictions only located
potention(potential) areas of
danger. They don't predict the specific time and location at which an earthquake is likely to occur. Today I want to introduce to you three prediction models that have been developed.

The first prediction model looks around(along) earthquake fault(fawlts),those quakes(cracks) in the earth’s crust,to find what are known as size mixgaps(seismic gaps).Size mixgaps(seismic gaps) are places where the fault has shown litter or no size mixgativity(seismic activity) for a long time.This theory postulates that such places are do(due) for a major shock.

The second model relies on finominal(phenomena)--- like groundtute(ground flit).Using long contuning tups(cylindrical tubes) containing water,observers noted that ground tude(tilt) tended to occur before major earthquakes.That let(led) them to correctly predict the big high tranquake(Haicheng quake) of 1975--the first successful earthquake prediction scientists have ever made.A million people were vacuated(evacuated) from that Chinese city before the earthquake struct(struck).Unfortunately, this meathod hasn't worked consistently, so we can't say it's been perfected.

The third model is based on the theory that major earthquakes closely follow a seiry(series) of minor ones.Starting with the measurements and timing of the smaller quakes, a complex fomats(formula) calculates the “times of inquzz(increased) probability of a much larger quake.Right now, this method, like the first method, can not predict specific times and places,but that may change as it is further developed.

For the moment, none of these models can predict with reasonable levels of confidence.

时间

听写 2008-12-20 22:15:01到 22:43:17

单词
Property
n. 财产,性质

Seismologist n. 地震学家
seismic gaps地震活动空白地带

(地震空白地带（Seismic gap）是指处于地震活跃的板块边界，但是已经数十年没有发生过大规模地震的地区，因为已经积聚了大量的能量，所以极有可能在未来发生地震。)
phenomena
n. 现象
ground tilt
地倾斜
cylindrical tube圆筒形管 (cylindrical圆柱的;
tube n. 地铁,电子管,显像管,管,软管;电视)
strike n. 罢工,打击,殴打
v. 打,罢工,划燃
(过去时struck)
evacuate
v. 疏散,撤出,排泄
crack
n. 裂缝,声变
v. 打开,破裂,变声
due for
应该得到
series
n. 连续,系列（复数series）
formula
n. 公式,配方,规则；婴儿食品