qifeihu 2008-6-4 23:31
战路综合写作讲义分享------帮你解决综合写作
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]写在前面: 综合写作是新托福有别于旧托福的新题型, 虽然大家都觉得他的听力, 阅读都不是很难, 考试也很模式化, 模版的威力巨大, 但是满分真的就那么容易吗? 如何备考该部分, 综合写作主要考查3个能力: take-note, summarize, paraphrase. 练习时要有重点, 有目的. 所以特将此讲义(大家平时可能不是很重视的讲义)分享给大家, 该讲义全面,系统的为大家分析了综合写作, 并将OG上的精华部分提炼出来, 并教大家如何写出自己的模版. 望大家仔细拜读, 一举攻下综合写作. (注: 次讲义不包括如何take-note 关于如何记笔记参阅此贴:[font=Helvetica][url=http://www.xiaomaguohe.net/bbs/thread-9931-1-2.html][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][font=Helvetica][color=black]如何做好听力笔记和综合写作)[/color][/font][/size][/font][/b][/url][/font][/size][/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt][font=Helvetica][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][font=Helvetica]正文:[/font][/size][/font][/b]
[b]
[/b]
[/font][/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Integrated Writing [/size][/font][/b][b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]的基本类型[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]转折关系[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Lecture[/font][font=幼圆]驳斥[/font][font=Arial]Reading[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Lecture [/font][font=幼圆]提出[/font][font=Arial]Reading[/font][font=幼圆]未提及的不良方面或问题[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]延续关系[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Lecture[/font][font=幼圆]支持[/font][font=Arial]Reading[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Lecture[/font][font=幼圆]解释[/font][font=Arial]Reading [/font][font=幼圆]的原因和结果[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]延续[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]+[/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]转折[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Integrated Writing [/size][/font][/b][b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]的评分标准[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]The specific ideas, explanations, and arguments in the lecture that oppose or support points in the reading. [b]---[b]P[/b]oints in the listening[/b][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]A clear coherent structure that enables the reader to understand what points in the lecture relate to what points in the reading. [b]---[b]S[/b]tructure of your response[/b][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Coherent and accurate presentations of each point you make---language you use should accurately reflect ideas in the lecture and the reading. [b]---[b]G[/b]rammar and vocabulary[/b][/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]What is the Key Points?[/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial]In [/font][/b][b][font=Arial]Reading[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=Arial]Main idea --- [/font][font=幼圆]核心态度[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=Arial]Explanation information --- [/font][font=幼圆]主要理由[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=幼圆]阅读的文章看出基本结构和主要支持信息[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[b][font=Arial]In Listening [/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=Arial]main idea --- [/font][font=幼圆]核心态度[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=Arial]explanation information --- [/font][font=幼圆]主要理由[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=Arial]supporting examples --- [/font][font=幼圆]细节例子[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]Ø
[/font][font=幼圆]听力材料听得越多越好[/font][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Practice: OG-250[/size][/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial] [/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial]Key points in [/font][/b][b][font=Arial]Reading[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]: [/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Team[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]: certain project[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Advantages of team work[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]A wider range of knowledge, expertise, skills--work more quickly[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Creative solutions---spread the responsibility[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Rewarding for team members[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Feel better about the work decided by themselves[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Member to shine---results are far reaching[/font]
[b][font=Arial]Key Points in Listening: [/font][/b]
[color=blue][font=Wingdings]n
[/font][/color][font=Arial]Some didn’t contribute + Some who worked well and provide insight can not be recognized[color=blue]---members shine[/color][/font]
[color=blue][font=Wingdings]n
[/font][/color][font=Arial]Contributors feel bad[color=blue]---feel better[/color][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Projects didn’t move quickly (agreements)[color=blue]---work quickly because resources[/color][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Influencers have too much influence (Never work-drop / creative-accepted) [color=blue]---not included[/color][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]project failed, blame all[color=blue]---spread responsibility[/color][/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Practice: OG-282[/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial]Key points in [/font][/b][b][font=Arial]Reading[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]: [/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Altruism-gain nothing[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Humans: [/font][/b][font=Arial]sharing food, donate organs, little rewards[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Animals: [/font][/b][font=Arial]Meerkat[/font]
[font=Arial]①
[/font][font=Arial]A sentinel – alarm / alerting others[/font]
[font=Arial]②
[/font][font=Arial]Gain nothing-without food while others eat[/font]
[font=Arial]③
[/font][font=Arial]Danger-flee alone[/font]
[b][font=Arial]Key Points in Listening: [/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Meercat[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]eat before stand guard---gain nothing, without food[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]likely to escape, near burrow, but others danger---danger/ flee alone[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]alarm (cause others to move-draw attention)---alerting others[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Human[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]appreciation, self-worth (non-material rewards)---little rewards from donating organs[/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Practice: Delta-378[/size][/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial] [/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial]Key points in [/font][/b][b][font=Arial]Reading[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]: [/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=Arial]Irrigation[/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]—[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]sources / many forms and types[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Surface irrigation[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Flooding field---widely used (low cost and tradition)[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Furrow irrigation---U / V[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Surface-pipe irrigation[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Border irrigation[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Basin irrigation[/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial]Key Points in Listening: [/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[color=blue][font=Wingdings]n
[/font][/color][b][font=Arial]Agriculture is in high use of water by irrigation. [/font][/b][font=Arial]Afterwards can not be used for other purposes. [color=blue]---not included[/color][/font]
[color=blue][font=Wingdings]n
[/font][/color][b][font=Arial]Some irrigation more efficiently. Surface method no efficient.[color=blue] -[/color][/font][/b][color=blue][font=Arial]--not included[/font][/color]
[color=blue][font=Wingdings]n
[/font][/color][font=Arial]A lot of water to flood the field[color=blue]----not included[/color][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Water in ponds evaporate /down to ground[color=blue]---not included [/color][/font]
[color=blue][font=Wingdings]n
[/font][/color][b][font=Arial]Better ones:[/font][/b][font=Arial] sprinkler system/ drip one[/font][font=幼圆]—[/font][font=Arial]even distribution-----However, also surface irrigation---evaporate [color=blue]---not included[/color][/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]结构安排[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆]先我后他结构[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial]Introduction[/font][/b][font=Arial]: [/font]
[b][font=Arial]L[/font][/b][font=Arial]istening-------------------------[b]R[/b]eading[/font]
[b][font=Arial]Development[/font][/b][font=Arial]: [/font]
[b][font=Arial]L1[/font][/b][font=Arial] ----------------------------------- R1 [/font]
[b][font=Arial]L2[/font][/b][font=Arial] ----------------------------------- R2 [/font]
[b][font=Arial]L3[/font][/b][font=Arial] ----------------------------------- R3 [/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆]先他后我结构[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial] [/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial]Introduction[/font][/b][font=Arial]: [/font]
[b][font=Arial]R[/font][/b][font=Arial]eading-------------------------------[b]L[/b]istening [/font]
[b][font=Arial]Development[/font][/b][font=Arial]: [/font]
[font=Arial]R1 ---------------------------------------- [b]L1[/b][/font]
[font=Arial]R2 ---------------------------------------- [b]L2[/b][/font]
[font=Arial]R3 ---------------------------------------- [b]L3[/b] [/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Writing Sample: OG-284[/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b]The lecture completely refutes the passage. It is said in the lecture that, the perceived acts of altruism are nothing more than sneaky methods of gaining advantage for one’s self.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------L[/b][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b] [/b][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b]Contrary to the belief in the passage that sentinels risk their lives for the cause of the whole group, the professor says that the meerkat sentinels are in fact less prone to threats. The alarm sentinels give off causes to group to move rashly which draw the predators’ attention towards them, thus drawing away the attention from the sentinels. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------R+L[/b][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b] [/b][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b]The lecture refutes the fact that these meerkats are altruistic in the sense that they gain nothing in exchange of their services. In fact, researches have shown that they have a full stomach as they perform this altruism duty and have a better chance of escaping from danger because they witness it first. -----------------------------------------------------------------R+L[/b][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b] [/b][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt][b]Professor also offers a different underlying motivation that causes people to believe that acts such as donating an organ or sharing food with someone in need are altruistic. She says that people gain appreciation as a results of such acts, which may be deemed by some much more important than materialistic gains.[/b][/size][/font][b]
[/b][font=Arial][b]--------------------------------------------R+L[/b][/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=Arial][size=14pt]Writing Sample: OG-255[/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Arial][b]The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened for real. --------------------------L+R[/b][/font]
[font=Arial][b] [/b][/font]
[font=Arial][b]First, some members got free rides. That is some didn[/b][/font][font=幼圆][b]’[/b][/font][font=Arial][b]t work hard but got recognition for the success nonetheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard was not given recognition they should have got. In other words, they weren't give the opportunity to shine . This directly contradicts what the passage indicates. ---------------------------------L+R[/b][/font]
[font=Arial][b] [/b][/font]
[font=Arial][b]Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another part where experience contradicted theory. -------------------------------------------------------------L+R[/b][/font]
[font=Arial][b] [/b][/font]
[font=Arial][b]Third, influential people might emerge, and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might be less flexible in thinking. They might become one-sided, and this fails to succeed.[/b][/font][font=Arial] [b]---------------------------------------------------------------------L[/b][/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]常用词[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]听力材料[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]Lecture, Listening material, listening[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]阅读材料[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]Reading[/font][font=Arial], passage, reading passage[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]讲话人[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]Lecturer, professor, speaker[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]文章作者[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]author[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]陈述[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]state, indicate, believe, suggest, discuss, talk about, make the point that, say…[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]驳斥[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial] refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]支持[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]support, enhance, uphold, justify…[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]转折[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]in contrast, however, on the other hand, but…[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][b][font=幼圆]列举[/font][/b][font=幼圆]：[/font][font=Arial]first, second, third, first of all, secondly, also, finally…[/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]句子转化练习[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[table=98%][tr][td=1,1,100][font=Arial][size=3]The lecturer[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,82][font=Arial][size=3]totally[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,108][font=Arial][size=3]disagrees with[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,96][font=Arial][size=3]the view[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,204][font=Arial][size=3]made in the reading.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,100][font=Arial][size=3]The speaker[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,82][font=Arial][size=3]completely[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,108][font=Arial][size=3]denies[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,96][font=Arial][size=3]the idea[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,204][font=Arial][size=3]made in the passage.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,100][font=Arial][size=3]The professor[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,82][font=Arial][size=3]entirely[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,108][font=Arial][size=3]challenges[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,96][font=Arial][size=3]the statement[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,204][font=Arial][size=3]made by the author.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][/table][font=Arial] [/font]
[table=98%][tr][td=1,1,71][font=Arial][size=3]This[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,170][font=Arial][size=3]directly contradicts[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,174][font=Arial][size=3]what the passage[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,175][font=Arial][size=3]indicates.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,71][font=Arial][size=3], which[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,170][font=Arial][size=3]directly denies[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,174][font=Arial][size=3]what the author[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,175][font=Arial][size=3]states.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,71][font=Arial][size=3]This[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,170][font=Arial][size=3]directly challenges[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,174][font=Arial][size=3]what the reading passage[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,175][font=Arial][size=3]believes.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][/table][font=Arial] [/font]
[table=98%][tr][td=1,1,93][font=Arial][size=3]In the lecture,[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,89][font=Arial][size=3]the speaker[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,264][font=Arial][size=3]has totally different
ideas on the topic[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,144][font=Arial][size=3]
made in the reading.[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,93][font=Arial][size=3]In the lecture[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,89][font=Arial][size=3]the professor[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,264][font=Arial][size=3]has completely different ideas on the topic[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,144][font=Arial][size=3]made in the passage[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,93][font=Arial][size=3]In the listening[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,89][font=Arial][size=3]the lecturer[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,264][font=Arial][size=3]has entirely different ideas on the topic[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,144][font=Arial][size=3]made in the reading passage[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][/table][font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]万能套用句：[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=幼圆]先[b]他[/b]后[b]我[/b][/font][b][font=Arial] --- [/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]其间以[u]转折词[/u]过渡[/font][/b][font=Arial][/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]ReadingPoint, [b]but[/b] ListeningPoint.[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Contrary to Reading Points, Listening Points[/font]
[font=Wingdings][b]n
[/b][/font][font=幼圆]先[b]我[/b]后[b]他[/b][/font][b][font=Arial] --- [/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]其间以[u]驳斥动词[/u]过渡[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]ListeningPoint, [b]which oppose[/b] ReadingPoint[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]ListeningPoint. [b]This opposes[/b] ReadingPoint[/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]万能套用句的转化[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=幼圆]先[b]他[/b]后[b]我[/b][/font][font=Arial][/font]
[table=98%][tr][td=1,1,182][size=3][b][font=Arial]Reading Points [/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]表达[/font][/b][font=Arial][/font][/size]
[/td][td=1,1,132][size=3][b][font=幼圆]转折词[/font][/b][font=Arial][/font][/size]
[/td][td=1,1,276][size=3][b][font=Arial]Listening Points [/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]表达[/font][/b][font=Arial][/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,182][font=Arial][size=3]The reading passage contends that…[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,132][size=3][font=幼圆]，[/font][font=Arial]but[/font][/size]
[font=Arial][size=3]; however[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,276][font=Arial][size=3]the lecturer argues that ….[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,182][font=Arial][size=3]According to the reading passage, …[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,132][font=Arial][size=3]; on the other hand[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,276][font=Arial][size=3]the professor in the listening argues that…[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,182][font=Arial][size=3]In the reading passage, the author believes that …[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,132][font=Arial][size=3]; in contrast[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,276][font=Arial][size=3]the lecturer holds the opposite opinion and believe that…[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,1,314][font=Arial][size=3]Contrary to the point in the reading that…, [/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,276][font=Arial][size=3]The speaker states that…[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=2,1,314][font=Arial][size=3]Different from the opinion in the reading that …[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,276][font=Arial][size=3]The professor in the lecture argues that…[/size][/font]
[/td][/tr][/table][font=Arial] [/font]
[font=幼圆]先[b]我[/b]后[b]他[/b][/font][font=Arial][/font]
[table=98%][tr][td=1,1,193][size=3][b][font=Arial]Listening Points [/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]表达[/font][/b][font=Arial][/font][/size]
[/td][td=1,1,397][size=3][b][font=幼圆]驳斥[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]v + Reading points [/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]表达[/font][/b][font=Arial][/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,193][font=Arial][size=3]In the listening, the professor says that…[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,397][size=3][b][font=Arial]This[/font][/b][font=Arial] directly contradicts what the reading passage indicates, because …[/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,193][font=Arial][size=3]the speaker in the listening argues that…[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,397][size=3][b][font=Arial]This point[/font][/b][font=Arial] disagrees with statement demonstrated in the reading that…[/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,193][font=Arial][size=3]According to the lecturer, …[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,397][size=3][b][font=幼圆]，[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]which [/font][/b][font=Arial]refutes the point that … in the reading.[/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,193][font=Arial][size=3]The lecturer believes that …[/size][/font]
[/td][td=1,1,397][size=3][b][font=幼圆]，[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]which [/font][/b][font=Arial]casts doubt on the author’s point that … [/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][tr][td=1,1,193][size=3][font=Arial]According to the professor in the lecture[/font][font=幼圆]，[/font][font=Arial]...[/font][/size]
[/td][td=1,1,397][size=3][b][font=幼圆]，[/font][/b][b][font=Arial]which [/font][/b][font=Arial]differs from the reading in that the reading states.....[/font][/size]
[/td][/tr][/table][font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]课堂练习[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[b][font=Arial]Reading[/font][/b][b][font=幼圆]：[/font][/b][b][font=Arial][/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Chimpanzee shares some common traits with human beings when learning language. [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Memorize words and signals[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Use simple grammar to unify words, like children[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Conversation[/font]
[b][font=Arial]Listening:[/font][/b]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Chimps differ from human beings when learning language[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Have to be taught again and again to learn even one simple signal. In the experiment, the chimpanzee has been taught for hours to learn the word “apple”.[/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Can use only very simple grammar; but children can use more complex grammars when they grow [/font]
[font=Wingdings]n
[/font][font=Arial]Can only respond instead of making a conversation. For example, in a communication between Dr. Walter and Chimp, it can only answer the questions.
[/font]
[font=Arial] [/font]
[b][font=幼圆][size=14pt]练习：尝试转化以下支持性句型[/size][/font][/b][b][font=Arial][size=14pt][/size][/font][/b]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt] [/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt]In fact, the examples used by the professor support[/size][/font][font=Arial][size=10.5pt] the idea that…[/size][/font][font=Arial][size=10.5pt][/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt]The professor bolsters the reading by stating that...[/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt]The professor claims that.....This point agrees with the reading, which contends that..... [/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt]The professor states that, in support of the reading, ...[/size][/font]
[font=Arial][size=10.5pt]This perfectly reinforced what the reading passage indicates because…[/size][/font]
