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LZ确确实实东方不败(Horse19 (Horse19 +UV"m]s+A*TM
少次肥肉 最好不吃肉(Horse15

[quote]原帖由 [i]19811010316[/i] 于 2008-8-1 12:43 发表 [url=http://bbs.xiaoma.com/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=197794&ptid=12382][img]http://bbs.xiaoma.com/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]

Ia`5haa Lecture 16: Women motion movie director
'IV5vO6u(] That’s an interesting question; Tom. Women did participate in the early days of motion-picture making. One of the most outstanding is Lois Weber. She is credi ... [/quote]
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[b][font=Times New Roman]我感觉听写跟读，一上午就过去了。很快阿。[/font][/b]{XWR.TaU t N
[b][font=Times New Roman]大家时间怎么安排的阿。介绍一下阿。[/font][/b]
7v:n.h9[@"D4_V8[P(Y9u v [b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 17: Comics book[/font][/b]
bK}9g.l [font=Times New Roman]Now let’s focus on comics in the 1950s. Early in the decades [color=red]sales[/color] were down, so publishers started[color=red] looking[/color] [color=blue](to look) [/color]for some new angles to get their readers interested [color=red]in it[/color] again. The [color=red]found [/color][color=blue](fun)[/color] what they were looking for with [color=red]horror[/color] comics, stories about ghosts and [color=red]demons[/color] [color=red]that were [/color][color=blue](more) [/color]often graphically violent. Before long, most [color=red]of[/color] the major publishers were printing horror comics, but[color=red] it (they)[/color] all came to an end a few years later. Yee see, there was a[color=red] psychologist (sociologist)[/color] named Frederic Wertham who claimed that the cosmic books, horror books in particular, were a bad influence on children and turn[color=red]ed[/color] them into juvenile delinquency. [color=red]Wertham [/color]even wrote a book called Seduction of the Innocent that [color=red]showed[/color] [color=red](chooses)[/color] specific [color=red]scenes (things) [/color]from [color=red]the[/color] comics that he thought were[color=red] a[/color] particula[color=red]rly [/color]bad influence on kids. Wertham wasn’t the only one done [color=red]on[/color] comics. The United States[color=red] Senate [/color]Subcommittee and juvenile delinquency also released [color=red]a[/color] report very critical of comics. The result of all [color=red]this fuss [/color]([color=red]these fusses)[/color] was the creation of the Comics Code Authority in 1955. This was a self-censoring body created by the publishers. Essentially, for a comic book to[color=red] be approved (improve)[/color] by the code, it had to be free of the blood [color=red]and gore[/color] that was usually depicted in most horror comics and evil could never triumph over good. Children had to be shown that crime did not pay. Well, if comics sales were bad in 1950, things got even worse in 1955. Many small publishers actually went out of business. But the industry rebounded by [color=red]the[/color] introducing [color=red]of[/color] a new lineup of superheroes, characters like Spider Man and the Fantastic Four. Now I[color=red]’ve [/color]brought with me today some comic books from this era to pass around, they’re from my own personal collection, so please be extra careful when handling them.[/font]

[quote]原帖由 [i]popcornwl[/i] 于 2008-8-1 15:49 发表 [url=http://bbs.xiaoma.com/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=197900&ptid=12382][img]http://bbs.xiaoma.com/images/common/back.gif[/img][/url]
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[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 18: Log houses[/font][/b]
L1ET ?7^)lc [font=Times New Roman]As you probably know, log structures are gaining in popularity. They are no longer just the simple country homes that we think of as the traditional log cabin. Some upscale homes now incorporate natural round logs in ceiling beams and walls. People seem to think that round[color=red]ed[/color] logs give their homes[color=red] a[/color] cozy and warm atmosphere. And even people, who want to build [color=red]a [/color]traditional log cabin on their own, can buy a kit with precut clog that [color=red]fit [/color][color=blue](fix)[/color] together like[color=red] pieces of a jigsaw[/color] puzzle. Before showing your some slides of modern log houses, I’d like to give a little historical background on the subject. Log cabins were first built in the later 1600s along the Delaware River Valley. The European immigrants who settl[color=red]ed[/color] there brought [color=red]centuries-old[/color] [color=blue](the centurial)[/color] traditions of working with logs. And in this heavily wooded area, logs were the material at hand. Log cabins were [color=red]a[/color] most popular in the early 1800s with the settlers who were moving west. They provided the answer to the pioneers’ need for [color=red]a [/color]safe and sturdy home that an ordinary family could build quickly. They had dirt floors and [color=red]sliding[/color][color=blue] (slighting) [/color]boards for windows. But the log buildings that [color=red]have[/color] probably had most influence on modern architects are those of the mountain retreats of wealthy New Yorkers. These country houses which were popular in the [color=red]early[/color] 1900s typify what’s known as the[color=red] Adirondack[/color] style. Now let’s look at those slides.[/font]}m8y
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[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 19: Collection of coin[/font][/b]
v?iB2N]WMu [font=Times New Roman]I was really glad when your club invited me to share my coin collection. It’s been my passion since I collected my first Lincoln cent in 1971. That’s the current penny with Abraham Lincoln’s image. Just a little history before I [color=red]start in[/color] [color=blue](started)[/color] on my only collection. Lincoln pennies are made of copper and they were the first Untied States coin to bear the likeness of [color=red]a [/color]president. It was back in 1909, when the country was celebrating the Centennial of Lincoln’s birth at 1809 that the decision was made to redesign the one cent piece in his honor. Before that the penny had an American Indian head on it. The new penny was designed by artist Victor David Brenner, this is interesting because he put his initials V.D.B on the reverse of the coin in [color=red]its[/color][color=blue] (this)[/color] original design. There was a general uproar when the initials [color=red]were [/color][color=blue](was)[/color]][5y)s,w ~
discovered, and only a limited number of the coins were [color=red]struck [/color][color=blue](stroke)[/color]"Y FT1ItL:X.f)SX
with the initials on them. Today, a penny with the initials from the San Francisco Mint, called the 1909s VDB is worth over 500 hundred dollars. Now when I started my coin collection, I began with the penny for several reasons. There were a lot of them. Several hundred billion have been minted. And there were a lot of people collecting them, so I had plenty of people to [color=red]trade [/color][color=blue](treat) [/color]with and talk to about my collection. Also it was [color=red]a [/color]coin I could afford to collect as a young teena[color=red]ger.[/color] In the 25 years since then, I have managed to acquire over three hundred coins. Some of them are very rare. I’ll be sharing with you today some of my rare specimens, including the 1909s VDB.[/font]hfb|6Jot(gz
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[font=Times New Roman]几天两片，明天开始一天四篇。下月初去考试了。。 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。[/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 20: Farm policy[/font][/b]z2{;x#J'T*@
[font=Times New Roman]One of the most popular [color=red]myths[/color] about the United States in the 19 century was that[color=red] of [/color]the free and simple life of the farmer. It was said that farmers worked hard on their own land to produce whatever their families needed. They might sometimes trade with neighbors, but in general, they could get along just fine by [color=red]relying[/color]
b:|Q*O7m'M rb3l-[-~ on themselves, not on commercial ties with others. This is how Thomas Jefferson idealized the farm[color=red]er[/color] at the beginning of the 19 century and at that time this may[color=red] have been close to[/color][color=blue] (included) [/color]the truth, especially, on the frontier. But by mid-century, sweeping changes in agriculture were well under way as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By [color=red]late[/color] [color=blue](latter)[/color] in the century, revolutionary advances in farm machinery h[color=red]ad[/color] vastly increased [color=red]the[/color] production of specialized crops. And the extensive network of railroads had linked the farmers throughout the country to market in the east and even overseas. By raising and selling specialized crops, famers could afford more and finer goods and achieve a much higher standard of living-[color=red]but at a price[/color][color=blue] (by add the price)[/color]. Now farmers were no longer dependent just on weather and on the[color=red]ir[/color] own effort[color=red]s[/color], [color=red]their[/color] lives were increasingly controlled by banks which had power to grant or deny a loan for [color=red]a[/color] new machinery, and by the railroads, which [color=red]set [/color][color=blue](safe) [/color]the rates for shipping their crops to markets. As businessmen, farmers now had to worry about national economic[color=red]al[/color] depression[color=red]s[/color] and the influence of world supply-and-demand on, for example, the price of wheat[color=red] in Kansas[/color][color=blue] (and canzers)[/color]. And so, by the end of the 19 century, the era of Jefferson’s independent farm had come to a close.[/font]
I}Lp7|4cN [font=Times New Roman] [/font]
S q(Wr3Jx8S,e.~F d [b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 21: The origin of magazine[/font][/b]
S;_#Tq,|].N [font=Times New Roman]Moving away from newspapers, let’s now focus on magazines. Now the first magazine was a little periodical called the review and it was starte[color=red]d[/color] in London in 1704. It looked a lot like the newspapers of [color=red]the[/color] [color=blue](that)[/color] time, but in term[color=red]s [/color]of its content, it was much different. Newspapers were concerning mainly with news events, but the review focused on important domestic issues of the day as well as the policies of the government. Now in England at [color=red]the[/color] [color=blue](that)[/color] people could still be [color=red]thrown[/color][color=blue] (thrall)[/color] in jail for publishing articles that were critical of the king and that’s what happened to Daniel Defoe. He was the outspoken founder of the review. Defoe actually wrote the first issue of the review from prison. You see, he had been arrested because [color=red]of [/color]his writing[color=red]s [/color]that criticized the polici[color=red]es[/color] of the Church of England which was headed by the king. After[color=red] his release[/color][color=blue] (he’s released)[/color], Defoe continued to produce the review and the magazine started to appear on[color=red] a [/color]more frequent schedule about three times a week. It didn’t take long for other magazines to start [color=red]popping [/color][color=blue]up[/color]. In 1709, a magazine called The Tatler began publication. This new magazine contained [color=red]a mixture [/color][color=blue](the mix) [/color]of news, poetry, political analysis and philosophical essays. [/font]
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du{Z6oKt [b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 22: Wild life art[/font][/b]x
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[font=Times New Roman][color=red]There’s[/color] [color=blue](This is) [/color]an art exhibition here on campus which[color=red] ties in [/color]well [color=red]with the[/color][color=blue] (to)[/color] discussion we had about[color=red] folk art [/color][color=blue](fore card)[/color]. It’s an exhibition of wildlife art calendars for about 100 years ago. Like most other folk art, the calendar pictures were not considered to be art[color=red] in their own day[/color][color=blue] (at the old day)[/color]. People just thought [color=red]of [/color]them as a way of decorating a practical object. In fact, the calendar pictures were original[color=red]ly[/color] printed as advertising for various companies that made fishing or hunting products, like guns or fishing [color=red]rods[/color]. The calendars were handed out free to customers to thank them for their business. Most people just [color=red]hung[/color] [color=blue](turned)[/color] the calendars on [color=red]their[/color][color=blue] (the) [/color]walls [color=red]where[/color][color=blue] (when)[/color] the pictures fade[color=red]d[/color] in the sun and then tore the picture off the calendar [color=red]as[/color] [color=blue](when the) [/color]each month passed. As a result, collectors today place a lot of value on calendars that are complete and in good condition. Even though the people who used the calendars didn’t regard them as art, the original paintings[color=red] the prints were[/color][color=blue] (that prinscipers)[/color] made from were [color=red]often[/color][color=blue] (only)[/color] of good quality. In fact, many famous wildlife painters created calendar art at some point in their lives. To them,[color=red] it [/color]was a way of getting [color=red]their[/color] [color=blue](the)[/color] work reproduced and shown around. One aspect of the exhibit that I [color=red]fi[/color]nd very interesting is the way these pictures reflect changing attitudes [color=red]toward[/color] [color=blue](for) [/color]wildlife. The pictures in the exhibit often portray[color=red]ed[/color] the[color=red] thrilling adventure (thrill and adventure)[/color] of hunting rather than any particular concern for wildlife preservation. But most of toady’s wildlife art shows animals in their natural surroundings---without any human[color=red]s[/color] in the scene. This modern wildlife art appeals to large number[color=red]s[/color] of nature lovers even those[color=red] who[/color] oppose the practice of hunting.[/font]
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[font=Times New Roman] 以后的计划就三篇把。四篇太多。[/font]

我吗，嘻嘻，，口语刚开始写准备模板

[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 23: Frank Lioyd Wright’s design[/font][/b]
J)s|+i{7H [font=Times New Roman]Welcome to the largest retrospective exhibit this art museum has ever devoted to an architect. The architect chosen for this honor is Frank Lioyd Wright--probably the greatest United States architect of the twentieth century. Wright has [color=red]the[/color] reputation of being arrogant and insensitive to his clients’ needs, but his work is based on a set of principles rather than [color=red]a [/color]style because of his belief [color=red]in unity[/color][color=blue] (on immunity)[/color] of design and the [color=red]elimination[/color] [color=blue](illumination)[/color] of unnecessary detail. He resisted to his clients’ wishes to introduce what he called foreign objects to his carefully designed interiors. Frank Lioyd Wright always trie[color=red]d[/color] to achieve harmony of building and setting. This first drawing in the exhibit, of one [color=red]of his[/color] prairie houses illustrates this integration of the house with the landscape of the American Midwest. You can see how he stresses the horizontal line with the spreading roofs and strips of windows. Outside porches stretch into the gardens making one harmonious whole. Because of this goal of harmony, you won’t see skyscrapers among his designs. Wright was criticized for his impractical houses with [color=red]leaky flat [/color]roofs, but his houses also had great virtues. The design of the prairie houses, for example, made them warm in winter and cool in summer. The drawings and photos in this exhibit will show the enormity of Frank Lioyd Wright’s contribution to modern architecture.[/font]
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[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 24: Furniture design[/font][/b]pV*ZL no.l
[font=Times New Roman]The next style of furniture design that I’d like to discuss is Shaker furniture design. The Shakers [color=red]are a [/color][color=blue](our)[/color] religious group that flourished in the 19 century United states. At that time, the Shakers lived in their own communiti[color=red]es[/color] and [color=red]believed in[/color][color=blue] (they led their)[/color] living simply. This ideal of simplicity extended to their furniture design as you will see. Because [color=red]the shape of their[/color] [color=blue](shakers’) [/color]furniture wasn’t supposed to be unnecessarily decorative, the furniture’s surface became the only place to create visual pleasure. Shaker furniture used light-colo[color=red]red[/color] woods like pine, maple or cherry. It was often painted blue, green or yellow. As these slides show, some of[color=red] their[/color] most interesting pieces were made for the workplace. Notice that this sawing table has [color=red]drawers [/color][color=blue](drawings)[/color]
*j!CJ7`0i2[.rRz:D that can be [color=red]pulled [/color][color=blue](put)[/color]
^V5U:~GGZ5O:F"gJ out from [color=red]either [/color][color=blue](other) [/color]side. [color=red]This [/color]furniture enables two people to saw at the same time. Likewise, if you look closely at these slides of counters and workbenches, you’ll notice that these pieces were also designed to be used for more than one side. Thus, several people would be able to work at one time. Nowadays, Shaker furniture [color=red]design’s enjoying [/color][color=blue](designs enjoy)[/color] a revival. This simple but stylish furniture made by the Shakers is popular among affluent collectors, including such celebrities as Bill Cosby and Oprah Winfrey. As [color=red]you’ve seen[/color][color=blue] (you can see)[/color][color=red],[/color] the plain[color=red]ness[/color] [color=red]of [/color]Shaker furniture makes it strangely modern [color=red]in [/color][color=blue](than) [/color]appearance. In fact, their [color=red]austere minimalist[/color] [color=blue](steer minimalous)[/color] designs have influenced several modern furniture designers. Some of whom we’ll discuss next.[/font]G!YRf6@EHh+r7j+D
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2niP/vrW^bOS$_ [b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 25: Cariboo[/font][/b]g[ k[8y)@^3dfZ
[font=Times New Roman]Today I want to talk about the Cariboo Golden Rush of 1858, which began when gold was discovered in the frontier town of Quesnel Forks in the Canadian province of British Colombia. By 1861, thousands of men had [color=red]flocked [/color][color=blue](flowed)[/color] to the region hoping to strike [color=red]it[/color] rich. Naturally, as the town g[color=red]rew[/color], suppl[color=red]ies[/color] had to be brought in, and this was done with mules. Now, the mules were quite reliable, but there were some drawbacks, for example, a mule carrying a heavy load could travel only fifteen miles[color=red] in [/color][color=blue](at)[/color]
+B+w hul9U a day-meaning that a typical trip[color=red]ping[/color] [color=red]into[/color] Quesnel could take as long as twenty days. So, as the demand for supp[color=red]lies[/color] continued to grow, a group of merchants [color=red]and packers[/color] decided to try a new approach--believe it or not, they shipped in a herd of camels. I know that soun[color=red]ds[/color] strange, but camel trains had been used quite effectively during the California Gold Rush some ten years earl[color=red]ier[/color]. But the results in the Cariboo region [color=red]weren’t[/color][color=blue] (wouldn’t)[/color] quite the same, in fact, it was a disaster. The camels couldn’t carry the heavier loads the merchants expected them to. Their two-toed feet were perfect for desert travel but they[color=red] weren’t [/color][color=blue](would not) [/color]suited for Cariboo’s [color=red]rugged[/color] mountain terrain. To make matters worse, the mules became very agitated whenever they came across[color=red] a [/color]camel, and that caused a lot of accidents on the[color=red] treacherous [/color][color=blue](tortuous)[/color] mountain trails. The mule packers went so far[color=red] as [/color]to threaten the camel owners with a lawsuit. But the reason [color=red]that[/color] the merchants finally got rid of the camels is because these animals simple [color=red]weren’t [/color][color=blue](wouldn’t)[/color]
0T~ oA4}4i"s{ cut out for the job.[/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 26: Computer art[/font][/b]
M#@?)x(u.pFQ8C [font=Times New Roman]Today, we’re going to continue our discussion of modern art, and talk about [color=red]Charles Csuri[/color]. [color=red]Charles Csuri[/color] has been a part of many modern art movements. He’s worked in [color=red]Pop Art, Cubism [/color]and[color=red] Conceptual art[/color], but he made his mark as a pioneer in computer art. Even long before computers became popular, he was [color=red]punching cards and feeding them into the big mainframe [/color][color=blue](patching cards and fitting them as big men from) [/color]computer at Ohio State University. In the beginning, he had to work without a monitor, so he was virtually creating art in the dark. He even learned computer programming, so he could experiment with this new tool. Through the computer, Csuri has been able to explore a new world of possibilities, for example, the computer enables him to sculpt in three dimensions. Also, he can look at [color=red]a[/color] sculpture from any angle and move it around, change the location of the light source, or he can copy it in different colors. Over the years, Csuri received numerous grants from various projects. This money allowed him to train students in computer graphics and animation techniques, and to[color=red] advance[/color][color=blue] (invest)[/color] the computer as a medium for artists. Even though he uses modern technology, Csuri still insists he is creating art. He’s always told his students to keep the issues of art in focus, and not get so[color=red] caught [/color][color=blue](called)[/color]0U7ZO8~B
up in the technology that you forget about the image.[/font],u2?.M'I%i
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[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 27: Andrew Jackson’s statue[/font][/b]
0l#A ^$cES0O [font=Times New Roman]And as we enter this next gallery, please turn your attention to the statue on your right. It’s a bust of the [color=red]seventh[/color][color=blue] (eleventh) [/color]president of the United States, Andrew Jackson. It was done by American sculptor, Hiram Powers. Mr. Powers is particularly significant to our sculpture collection here[color=red] at [/color]the Metropolitan museum of art. His statue entitled California was the first work by an American artist to become part of the collection [color=red]at[/color][color=blue] (of) [/color]the Met. But back to this piece. When Powers was[color=red] modeling [/color][color=blue](molding) [/color]this bust, he asked the president, who was 68 years old at the time, if you wanted to be made to appear young[color=red]er[/color] than that. President Jackson replied that he didn’t. So as you can, [color=red]he’s shown (he showed) [/color]here with wrinkl[color=red]es[/color] and lin[color=red]es[/color] of aging [color=red]etched on [/color][color=blue](as down) [/color]his face. Consequently, this bust is considered to be one of the most realistic portrayals of Andrew Jackson. Powers traveled from his studio at Italy to the White House to do the original study for the bust. His did the studying in clay, but he sculpted the final statue from [color=red]fine [/color]Italian marble, as you can see. I should add[color=red] that [/color]the usual practice[color=red] at [/color][color=blue](of) [/color]the time [color=red]was to get[/color][color=blue] (with together) [/color]local artisans to do the actual carving of the marble,[color=red] Note that[/color][color=blue] (not)[/color] the president[color=red] is draped in a Roman toga[/color] [color=blue](draft the Roman togas)[/color]. This is because in the 19 century that was [color=red]the[/color] customary attire for representations of heads of state or other important figures. Powers [color=red]kept the bust in his studio[/color] [color=blue](shipped Boston his statue)[/color] until after President Jackson’s death, when it was sold to Democratic Club in New York City. It was lent to [color=red]us here at the Met[/color] [color=blue](a series of ment) [/color]in 1874, and twenty years later became part of permanent collection. Now, if you[color=red]’ll[/color] step this way, we’ll move on to the next piece.[/font]
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0^,B}5d)\ FE8`#E7b*y!q [font=Times New Roman]I need time to consolidate!!!!! So today I just finish 2 papers.[/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 28: Soap’s history[/font][/b]
)K"\O7w3rpz^(? [font=Times New Roman]Ok, as you look at this next exhibit, you’ll notice something quite common, an ordinary bar of soap. Now soap has been around a long time. In fact, the ancient[color=red] Phoenicians[/color] produced soap as a substance for washing the body way back to in 600 BC. They made it by blending [color=red]goat’s[/color] fat with wood ash. The [color=red]Phoenicians[/color], as you may know, regularly traded along the [color=red]Mediterranean[/color] and they were the ones who introduced soap to the [color=red]Greeks and Romans[/color]. Now, soap was not something welcomed by all countries. In fact, during the [color=red]Superstitious Middle ages[/color], many people were afraid to bathe their whole bodies too frequently. They thought it could be dangerous for their health that [color=red]it[/color] could even kill them. And even after the production of soap became common in some European countries in the eleventh and twelve centuris, even then some people in the heart of Europe refused to use it. You’ll find it interesting that when[color=red] a duchess[/color] was given a box of soap as a present in 1549, she was so insulted that she had the gift—[color=red]giver thrown off her estate (give her throughrestate). [/color]But by the 19 century, the attitude [color=red]toward[/color][color=blue] (to watch)[/color] soap had changed drastically. In some regions of Europe, the tax on soap was so high that people secretly made their own. [color=red]A baron (Abreon) [/color]went so far as to suggest that the wealth of a nation could be judged according to the amount of soaps it used. Now, if you turn your attention to the next exhibit, you can see how soap is manufactured today.[/font]
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[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 29: FM radio[/font][/b]
d(Gm
O`Fz [font=Times New Roman]These days we take for granted the wide variety of music available on the radio, but this wasn’t always the case. In the early ages of radio, stations were capable of broadcasting only a narrow range of sounds, which was[color=red] all right[/color] for the human voice, but music didn’t sound very good. There was also a great deal of crackling and other static noises that further interfered with the quality of the song. A man named [color=red]Edwin Armstrong[/color], who was a music lover, set [color=red]out[/color][color=blue] (up)[/color]
)I8\(L-ge V(?#`h to change this. He invented FM radio, a technology that allowed stations to send a broad range of frequencies that greatly improved the quality of the music. Now, you[color=red]’d think that [/color][color=blue](will think,)[/color] this would have made him a millionaire. It didn’t. Radio stations at that time had invested enormous amounts of money in the old technology, so the last thing they wanted was to invest millions more in the new technology. Nor did they want to have to compete with other radio stations that had a superior sound and could put [color=red]them out [/color][color=blue](amount) [/color]of business. So they pressured the Federal Communications Commission, the department of the United States government that regulates radio stations, to put restrictive regulations on FM radio. The result was that its use was limited to a very small area around New England. Of course, as we all know, Edwin Armstrong’s FM technology eventually prevailed and was adopted by thousands of states around the world. But this took years of court battles and he never saw how it came to affect the lives of almost everyone.[color=red][/color][/font]

惭愧啊。9k+j5DiEGU+y(I:uG
缺了一天的阿。
9Y8TN5w-jew2j,p!X [b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 30: Passenger train[/font][/b]
1po2M{4t"F'm"c [font=Times New Roman]I am going to talk about a train that exemplifies the rise and fall of passenger train[color=red]s[/color] in the United States, the 20th century limited. Let me go back just a bit. In 1893, a special train was established to take people from New York to an exposition in Chicago. It was so successful that regular [color=red]service was (services were)[/color] then set up between these cities. The inaugural trip of 20TH century limited was[color=red] made (enacted)[/color] in 1902. The train was different from what anyone had ever seen before. It was pulled by [color=red]a[/color] steam engine and had five cars-two sleepers, a dining car, an observation car and a baggage car-which, believe it or not, contained a library. The 42 passengers that the train could [color=red]carry were (contain was)[/color] waited on by a large staff, there were even secretaries and a barber on board. It wasn’t[b][i] long before[/i][/b] people had to wait two years to get [color=red]a[/color] reservation. As time passed, technical improvement[color=red]s[/color] shorten[color=red]ed[/color] the trip by [color=red]a[/color] few hours. Perhaps, the biggest technological change occurred in 1945, the switch from steam to diesel engines. By the 1960[color=red]s[/color], people were traveling by car and airplane. Unfortunately, the great old train didn’t survive until the end of the century it was named for. [/font]
7s)_n3q;|+G)\gq [font=Times New Roman] [/font]
+E"p#}.jI(ce [b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 31: [color=black]Mary Walker-civil war hero[/color][/font][/b]
V7c,WS-gaG(} [font=Times New Roman][color=black]Well, in answer to your question, several women actually participated in the civil war. The one that comes immediate[/color][color=red]ly[/color][color=black] to mind is Mary Walker. She is important because she is the only woman ever to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor. As you know, this medal is given to people who’ve served the United States with exceptional bravery. In addition, she was the only female physician in [/color][color=red]the[/color][color=black] either of the two armies that [/color][color=red]fought (fall)[/color][color=black] in that war. Even though she had two medical degrees, many officers made her life difficult because they didn’t believe that a woman should be a doctor. However, she refused to back down and [/color][color=red]leave (lived in)[/color][color=black] the army. In fact, she [/color][color=red]risked (recued) [/color][color=black]her life several times during the war and was even captured at one point, but she was soon released. Umm, after the war, she was arrested several times for wearing pants. And although Congress eventually tried to take her medal away, she refused to give it back and continued to wear[/color][color=red] it wherever she went (whatever she went)[/color][color=black]. She died in 1919, a year before women received the right to vote, which brings me to my next point.[/color][/font]

我现在发现，对话有点难，这个是不是北美的CBT来这？？？？
R#Y.J0h@ [b][font=Times New Roman]History 1: New type of design school[/font][/b]Z d'nD[1_!G,}(?
[font=Times New Roman]M: Interesting lecture today, [color=red]didn’t you think [/color][color=blue](did she think)?[/color][/font]l,|x#d+lE:kq~ x
[font=Times New Roman]W: well, I supposed. But I have never heard [color=red]of the Bauhaus[/color][color=blue] (about house) [/color][color=red]and[/color] I’m not clear on something. [color=red]Was it [/color][color=blue](Would) [/color]some places you should go to or [color=red]was it more than the genre (would the genre) [/color]or a [color=red]movement at some sorts, you know like Brook impression [/color][color=blue](would a movement or some sorts. You know, like grow and preshinoton).[/color][color=red][/color][/font]
+J1uS6w-c#bV/I%tf [font=Times New Roman]M: No, it was [color=red]an actual[/color][color=blue] (actually a) [/color]design school located in Germany, [color=red]founded by Walter Gropius [/color][color=blue](sounded by Worch Bripics)[/color]. His goal was to combine technical skill and artistic talent, and by doing this creates a new form of architecture and [color=red]the plight art (applied art).[/color][/font]S4RV CR qU6t
[font=Times New Roman]W: OK, so that explain[color=red]ed[/color] [color=red]what [/color][color=blue](that the)[/color] Professor [color=red]mentioned how certain people had[/color][color=blue] (Worch Bripic needs people have) [/color]studied [color=red]with[/color] both[color=red] a[/color] craft person and [color=red]an[/color] artist.[/font]
dByx"Q+a Nu [font=Times New Roman]M: Right! Before anybody could actually begin their[color=red] former (formal) [/color]training, they had to take [color=red]workshops [/color][color=blue](a work shop)[/color] that [color=red]were [/color][color=blue](was)[/color] taught by both a craft person who emphasizes technical expertise and [color=red]an [/color]artist.[/font]
)A&K[7G-_A2Z*s;J,[ [font=Times New Roman]W: Interesting[/font]
k sZ#t \2YIa [font=Times New Roman]M: And the [color=red]Bauhaus [/color][color=blue](above house)[/color] founders also [color=red]deported (departed) [/color]from the notion of arts being [color=red]of[/color] a [color=red]form (former)[/color]AMC;^lW%_
of [color=red]a [/color]luxury object, they want to produce functional art to be enjoyed by everybody but just the wealthy.[/font]*B@~H&`/r
[font=Times New Roman]W: [color=red]weren’t [/color][color=blue](would)[/color]/ul6cf&RV)R
they [color=red]making[/color] some sorts of social statement.[/font]
d[F"F"dX9O [font=Times New Roman]M: Oh, perhaps, I don’t know. But it did mean that [color=red]Bauhaus’s creation [/color][color=blue](recreation)[/color] had their own artistic beauty, and that instead of being individually handcraft like something[color=red] you see in a[/color][color=blue] (that you’d seen in the)[/color]---, I don’t know---- [color=red]Garth Cathedral[/color],[color=red] they[/color] were produced by machines in large quantities. [/font]VtYn(k
[font=Times New Roman]W: [color=red]Is the Bauhaus still around[/color][color=blue] (is it about how stealer around).[/color][/font]
IB{7h:["k#l1? [font=Times New Roman]M: I don’t think so, but judging by the amount of time on our class schedule that [color=red]were [/color][color=blue](was) [/color]going to be devoting to it, [color=red]It’s a fact that must be left it[/color][color=blue] (it six must our lived it).[/color][/font]

我也少8.8的(Horse18 (Horse18

[b][font=Times New Roman]History 2: Architecture[/font][/b]9wsx7Y7@*?jq
[font=Times New Roman]W: Didn’t you write a paper about Albert Kahn last semester?[/font]
.Tb(x9XXY/t e [font=Times New Roman]M: Yeah, for my history of architecture class.[/font]K8_}-HI#?
[font=Times New Roman]W: Oh, I am taking it now and I have got to do some research[color=red]es[/color] on industrial architecture. I need to read up on [color=red]Kahn’s[/color] factories, so I’d like to see what you wrote about them.[/font]7N3l z
I1L^.v
[font=Times New Roman]M: I don’t think my paper will help. I focus[color=red]ed[/color] on[color=red] his (a)[/color] classical designs like the [color=red]Clements[/color] library and [color=red]his (the)[/color] office building[color=red]s[/color].[color=red] But (What)[/color] you’re interested in are [color=red]modern (modernist)[/color] building he is famous for.[/font]
1Has0K7Y"p/ce [font=Times New Roman]W: Yes, he is best known for his factori[color=red]es,[/color] especially the auto-plant[color=red]s[/color] [color=red]in Detroit (since be destroyed[/color]). He made a breakthrough in industrial design. You know, before his time, factories were so [color=red]cramped (crept)[/color] and inefficient, but his factory provid[color=red]ed[/color] enough light and air and open spaces. So the cars could be assembled in one [color=red]huge (whole)[/color] plant[/font]-tN4Wb(`{
[font=Times New Roman]M:[color=red] I (How you)[/color] remember reading that[color=red] the factories (factory)[/color] used to have wooden frames. And the heavy machinery made the building vibrate. And there were[color=red] fire-hazards (fire has you too).[/color]But when Kahn started designing auto-plan[color=red]ts[/color] around the turn[color=red]ing[/color] of the century, reinforced concrete had just been invented, talk[color=red]ed[/color] about [color=red]the[/color] breakthroughs. Not only was building sturdy in fireproof but [color=red]they (there) [/color]were cheap to put up too.[/font]
om
AM*g7] [font=Times New Roman]W: You seem to know a lot about his industrial career.[/font]
?s+g's
d/c [font=Times New Roman]M: Actually, even though I wrote about[color=red] his (his) o[/color]ther work, I did a lot of background reading. Let me see if I can dig that paper for you.[/font]/][sn2E~,uO
[font=Times New Roman]W: There were some books and articles are included in my bibliography that you might want to look up at the library.[/font]

楼主很认真~精神很可嘉~

[b][font=Times New Roman]History 3: Jazz music[/font][/b]
j'S-g(U9V)c&j [font=Times New Roman]W: So, one of the things [color=red]that[/color] I [color=red]am[/color] really have[color=red] in [/color]trouble understanding is how jazz music develop[color=red]ed[/color] to be so different from many other kinds of music. My[color=red] class notes are [/color][color=blue](quite know it) [/color]terrible. [/font]
:|(\eN7@i&L [font=Times New Roman]M: Well, what can[color=red]’t[/color] you understand from your notes? [/font]v XwAE:M)GG
[font=Times New Roman]W: Uh, one thing is I copied down musical training from the blackboard. What did[color=red] it[/color][color=blue] (you)[/color] mean by that?[/font]
&S.s3e0cco,x0~ [font=Times New Roman]M: Well, most people who become professional musicians should have some kind of formal training in music but the first people who play jazz music had almost none.[/font]
4` Z K ]I,prl [font=Times New Roman]W: Ok, but so what?[color=red] Doesn’t it[/color][color=blue] (does that) [/color]just mean that they wer[color=red]en’t [/color]very good musicians.[/font]
'Td;R5V `%S9oM [font=Times New Roman]M: Well, that’s not [color=red]that [/color]the early jazz musicians were[color=red]n’t[/color] good. It’s that they played their instruments differently. Let’s say you’re receiving formal instruction in the trumpet. First, you w[color=red]ould[/color] learn the right way to [color=red]place[/color] your mouth and the right way to use your fingers and the right way to blow air. And then you will practice single notes and different combinations of notes until they co[color=red]uld[/color] do those correctly. And only after that[color=red] which[/color][color=blue] (, would[/color][color=red]) [/color]your teacher give you a piece of music to play.[/font]
C E2yK @[ [font=Times New Roman]W: And the early jazz musicians didn’t learn to play this way.[/font]:Vp5e5a9?s UO
[font=Times New Roman]M: No, the first people who played jazz music learn to play their[color=red] instruments [/color][color=blue](entertainment)[/color] by actually trying to play a song they like. They [color=red]were humanity[/color][color=blue] (would hemelody)[/color] and tried to play [color=red]it [/color]themselves on their instruments because they were mostly teaching themselves. They began to express themselves in ways that formally traditionally trained musicians didn’t. In traditional instruction, there is one correct way to play something and everyone who plays try to make t[color=red]he correct [/color][color=blue](a great)[/color] sound. But in jazz---[/font]arr \\d
[font=Times New Roman]W: in jazz music, there isn’t one right way to play, in fact, individual musicians are supposed to [color=red]interpret[/color] the music[color=red] in [/color][color=blue](on)[/color][color=red] t[/color]heir own styles. So you [color=red]are saying [/color][color=blue](think)[/color]^FnE)\"q$Py
that this aspect of jazz developed because the first people who played jazz didn’t have any formal musical training.[/font]wg(Y/j$~^iH
[font=Times New Roman]M: Well, that’s part of it but there’s more, what else [color=red]do you[/color][color=blue] (there still)[/color]
orBD` |LY'F'T&` have in your notes.[/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]History 4: Blue Jazz[/font][/b]7M4Uj:Z`7Q1?
|
[font=Times New Roman]To continue our study of jazz, today we’ll focus on the blues[color=red] and [/color][color=blue](. In)[/color]
y2F,F(JL+B7iL listen to some recordings by[color=red] Bessie Smith[/color], who is considered by many to be the greatest of all Jazz singers. The blues developed in the southern United States from the music of [color=red]the[/color] black people who were brought from [color=red]the[/color] Africa and forced to work[color=red] as slaves [/color][color=blue](at slaved)[/color] on southern plantations. The [color=red]earliest (earlier)[/color] forms of the blues were work songs and field [color=red]howlers[/color][color=blue] (hollers[/color]) that was [color=red]the[/color] music[color=red]al[/color] form [color=red]of (a) [/color]communication among slaves. The name blues comes from the loneliness and sorrow typically expressed in the song lyrics. The blues started out [color=red]as [/color][color=blue](and)[/color] strictly [color=red]vocal [/color][color=blue](borkell)[/color] but over time musicians began to accompany blues singers. Jazz [color=red]greats like Louis Armstrong and Francis Andersen[/color] accompanied [color=red]Bessie Smith in[/color] her recordings. The example of blues we’ll hear toady is reissue of some [color=red]of Bessie Smith’s[/color] classical recordings. These songs are from the [color=red]late (later) [/color]1920s when she was at the peak of her career. It’s no wonder she was known as the[color=red] emperor (impulse)[/color] of the blues. She made 160 recordings and was also a [color=red]sort after [/color][color=blue](thought-out)[/color] live performer in New York, Boston and Chicago as well as the larger city in the south. Know her rich powerful [color=red]controvert[/color][color=blue] (contract)[/color] [color=red]her[/color] voice, in fact, in live performances she refused to use [color=red]the[/color] microphone. [color=red]Bessie Smith’s[/color][color=blue] (That she singed the[/color]) song[color=red]s [/color]typifi[color=red]ed[/color] the earthiness and realism of the blues.[/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]History 5: Bessie Smith’s Blue[/font][/b]
%f:^7H,C/odh xE [font=Times New Roman]Good morning. Today, we are going to learn a little more about that great musi[color=red]cal [/color]tradition called the blues. And in just a minute, we’ll get to hear the voice of[color=red] a [/color]great blues performer, one of[color=red] mile time famous[/color] singer and that’s Bessie Smith. First of all, let me tell you a little about her. Bessie Smith grew up in the south in Tennessee. And while she still was a teenager, she started touring in the country with other black performers and making a name for herself. By 1923, she was making records for a major recording studio and selling hundreds of thousands of copies. And soon, she was singing at sold-out performances at theaters in city after city with huge overflow crow[color=red]ds [/color]outside, often filling the street and blocking [color=red]the[/color] traffic, it was really something. A couple of years later, she and [color=red]the Great Louis Armstrong[/color] made an unforgettable recording of the[color=red] St. Louis[/color] Blues. And a few years after that,[color=red] St. Louis blues [/color]was also the name of Bessie Smith’s own movie, one of the very early talking pictures. Try to see it some time [color=red]if [/color]you can. From then, [color=red]up until her death [/color][color=blue](Arptenler death)[/color][color=red],[/color] Bessie Smith kept on writing and recording songs and singing the blues[color=red] in [/color][color=blue](at) [/color]concerts all over the country. [color=red]All together [/color][color=blue](Altogether)[/color]"]9NW!VS
she made 160 records. We’re going to play one of them now. And as we do, please listen to the passion of that wonderful [color=red]deep voice of her[/color]. I think you’ll be able to understand why Louis Armstrong said Bessie Smith: she had music in her soul.[/font]
7fZgL6BOVLm8K&r [font=Times New Roman] [/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]History 6: Barbed wire corral of cattle[/font][/b]
9DQ)h*\pzlI [font=Times New Roman]Today, we are going to look at?2y;\5} @;?
way[color=red]s[/color] in which legislation can create practical problems which in turn lead to inventions to solve those problems. You’ll [color=red]recall[/color][color=blue] (record)[/color] that the home state [color=red]an[/color] act [color=red]at (in)[/color] 1762 [color=red]granted [/color][color=blue](0branded)[/color] a hundred sixty acres pots to settlers. This resulted in considerable population grow[color=red]th[/color] in the western plains. In that same year, the construction of the transcontinental railroad was set up by the[color=red] pacific railroad [/color]act. These two pieces of legislation made [color=red]it [/color]necessary for [color=red]ranchers[/color][color=blue] (rashers) [/color]to limit the movement of their cattle instead of letting them roam freely. There wer[color=red]en’t [/color]many trees or rocks to use for [color=red]the[/color] fencing material, so planting hedges was tried but they took a long time to grow. Smooth [color=blue]galvanized[/color]:e*zRYk4Ra%dp
wire fences were another idea but they weren’t strong enough. Finally, inspired by the reaction of cattle to the sharp thorns on vegetation, a new fencing was invented. Barbs, sharp wire points like thorns were twisted onto the wire fencing. No everyone accepted the invention right away. Texasiers were [color=red]resistance (resistant)[/color] until a young salesman [color=red]staged [/color][color=blue](stated) [/color][color=red]the [/color]dramatic demonstration. He put up a"jD-Ib7tN
[color=blue]corral [/color]of the new barb[color=red]ed[/color] wire and challenged cattle owners to put their wildest animals in it. Untrusting spectators kept [color=red]their[/color] distance [color=red]as [/color][color=blue](and) [/color]the cattle were driven into the enclosure. The animals charged the fence but quickly retreated. Texaers were sold, and the new fencing soon became common throughout the plains.[/font]

[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 7: X-ray is used in evaluating of paintings[/font][/b]
O
iX xsM [font=Times New Roman]To study paintings by old masters, experts often make use of modern technology. Today, let’s talk about one example of that-----X-rays. These days X-ray equipment is no longer found just in hospital and dentist[color=red]’s [/color]offices. Now it’s also widely used in the study of work[color=red]s [/color]of art, and it l[color=red]ed[/color] to some exciting discoveries. For instance, an art historian in the Ohio discover[color=red]ed [/color]that[color=red] the[/color] two famous paintings, now held in different museums, were originally[color=red] parts of the same[/color] painting, probably [color=red]sawed[/color] apart by some greedy art dealers. X-rays showed several [color=red]hidden[/color] figures that[color=red] had [/color]been split between[color=red] the[/color] two canvases. In another famous painting, a portrait of a young boy and X-ray reviewed that the artist had once painted a small white dog[color=red] where now[/color]8_d+Yz$d(h*hU\:K#f
only [color=red]rocks and grass[/color] can be seen. In this case, the technology gives us an insight into how one artist thinking developed and changed during the process of painting a picture. Perhaps the most important question [color=red]that [/color]art historians may have to address is whether a particular work was actually painted by a certain master artist or perhaps by a less well-known apprentice or imitator. [color=red]The hidden dry stroke that the [/color]X-rays reviewed may lead to a definite answer to this question but not always. Let me tell you now about two respected experts and how each uses X-rays of one famous Dutch portrait to support radical[color=red]ly[/color] different conclusions about it.[/font]:K*}A)q'T'E
f2m)_/N%d
[font=Times New Roman] [/font]|#V(Vj#y
[b][font=Times New Roman]Lecture 8: The stimulation of American Revolution[/font][/b]g)f6OWy `&o#}/I
[font=Times New Roman]We have been look at factors leading up to the American Revolution. Today I want to look more deeply into what the colonists in the 1700s [color=red]were[/color] thinking and feeling. What motivated them to change the political order violently, was it money, social injustice, religious intolerance. Without question, American colonists [color=red]saw[/color]d\(F {-| q s4Bi
the conflict in terms of political issues. They are concerned with not so much the economic problems as it was how the colonists wanted and indeed[color=red] thought they deserved to live[/color]. In other words, the American Resolution [color=red]was[/color] about liberty, the protection of personal liberty. You see, the colonists[color=red] shared the belief [/color]that was quite radical at the time. They believe that a person had rights. These rights wer[color=red]en’t [/color]based on the generosity of the king and they wer[color=red]en’t[/color] based on the language of the law. The colonists believed in the high[color=red]er[/color] law. One the granted people rights, rights that they were born with and which couldn’t [color=red]be taken[/color] away by any human being. Unless, of course, someone commit [color=red]the [/color]crime and then they have to go through the [color=red]proper[/color] legal steps.[color=red] Now[/color], what were these rights? I’ll quote directly from the Declaration of Independence which states them clearly. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal that they are endowed by the creators with certain inalienable rights and among these are life, liberty and [color=red]the[/color] pursuit of happiness. The colonists had [color=red]a[/color] new vision of what made political authority legitimate and what made personal liberty secure. The[color=red]ir [/color]vision was this: legitimate government [color=red]require[/color] the consent of those[color=red] who were being governed.[/color] So, to understand how events led to the Revolution, we need to understand specifically how political power had been exercised by the British in the colonies. Any ideas?[/font]1w5kl%yZM\7c
[font=Times New Roman][/font] OG2fpgd
[font=Times New Roman]If you don't believe yourself, you will never be succeeded[/font]